Một số từ nối, cụm từ nối thông dụng (Common linking words)

 

Linking words

 

Linking words	Notes
Giving examples: For example For instance Namely	for example or for instance: ví dụ như Namely refers to something by name. "There are two problems: namely, the expense and the time."
Adding information And In addition As well as Also Too Furthermore Moreover Apart from In addition to Besides	Và, hơn nữa, thêm vào đó, cũng, bên cạnh, vả lại… In a list, you put a comma between each item, but not before and. Ex: "We discussed training, education and the budget." Also: add an extra idea or emphasis. Ex: "We also spoke about marketing." +  "We are concerned not only by the costs, but also by the competition." We don't usually start a sentence with also. If you want to start a sentence with a phrase that means also, you can use In addition, or In addition to this… As well as: at the beginning or the middle of a sentence. "As well as the costs, we are concerned by the competition." + "We are interested in costs as well as the competition." Too goes either at the end of the sentence, or after the subject and means as well. Ex: "They were concerned too." + "I, too, was concerned." Apart from and besides are often used to mean as well as, or in addition to. Ex: "Apart from Rover, we are the largest sports car manufacturer." + "Besides Rover, we are the largest sports car manufacturer." Moreover and furthermore: Ex: "Marketing plans give us an idea of the potential market. Moreover, they tell us about the competition."
Summarising In short In brief In summary To summarise In a nutshell To conclude In conclusion	Tóm lại, nói chung, His novels belong to a great but vanished age. They are, in short, old-fashioned. In brief, the meeting was a disaster.  And so I would say, in summary, that the campaign has been a great success or And so in summary, I would say that the campaign has been a great success
Sequencing ideas The former, … the latter Firstly, secondly, finally The first point is Lastly The following  Next, then, after that….	Đầu tiên, kế đến, sau đó, cuối cùng, "Marketing and finance are both covered in the course. The former is studied in the first term and the latter is studied in the final term." Firstly, … secondly, … finally (or lastly) are useful ways to list ideas. It's rare to use "fourthly", or "fifthly". Instead, try the first point, the second point, the third point and so on. “After a long delay, finally, the performance started” +  "The following people have been chosen to go on the training course: N Peters, C Jones and A Owen."
Giving a reason Due to / due to the fact that Owing to / owing to the fact that Because Because of Since As	Bởi vì, tại vì Due to and owing to must be followed by a noun phrase. Ex: "Due to the rise in oil prices, the inflation rate rose by 1.25%." + "Owing to the demand, we are unable to supply all items within 2 weeks." With a clause (a subject, verb and object), must use the fact that. Ex: "Due to the fact that oil prices have risen, the inflation rate has gone up by 1%25." + "Owing to the fact that the workers have gone on strike, the company has been unable to fulfill all its orders." Because / because of. Because of: a noun, or a noun phrase. Ex: "Because of bad weather, the football match was postponed." Because: a clause. Ex: "Because it was raining, the match was postponed." + Since / as Since and as mean because. Ex: "Since the company is expanding, we need to hire more staff." + "As the company is expanding, we need to hire more staff."
Giving a result Therefore So, hence Consequently This means that As a result	Vì thế, do đó, kết quả là…….. Therefore, so, consequently and as a result are all used in a similar way. Ex: "The company is expanding. Therefore / So / Consequently / As a result, they are taking on extra staff." So is more informal. Ex: the shops were closed, so I didn't get any milk
Contrasting ideas But However Although / even though Despite / despite (the fact that) In spite of / in spite of (the fact that) Nevertheless Nonetheless While Whereas Unlike In theory… in practice… Yet	Nhưng, tuy nhiên, mặc dù…. But is more informal than however. Ex: "He works hard, but he doesn't earn much." "He works hard. However, he doesn't earn much." Although, despite and in spite of : contrast. Ex: "Although it was cold, she went out in shorts." "In spite of the cold, she went out in shorts." Despite and in spite of: a noun phrase. Ex: "Despite the fact that the company was doing badly, they took on extra employees." Although: a clause Nevertheless and nonetheless mean in spite of that or anyway. Ex: "The sea was cold, but he went swimming nevertheless." (In spite of the fact that it was cold.) "The company is doing well. Nonetheless, they aren't going to expand this year." While, whereas and unlike: show how two things are different from each other. Ex: "While my sister has blue eyes, mine are brown." + "Taxes have gone up, whereas social security contributions have gone down." + "Unlike in the UK, the USA has cheap petrol." In theory… in practice…:  show an unexpected result. Ex: "In theory, teachers should prepare for lessons, but in practice, they often don't have enough time."